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==Physical limits== There are several physical and practical limits to the amount of computation or data storage that can be performed with a given amount of mass, volume, or energy: * The Bekenstein bound limits the amount of information that can be stored within a spherical volume to the entropy of a black hole with the same surface area. * Thermodynamics limit the data storage of a system based on its energy, number of particles and particle modes. In practice it is a stronger bound than Bekenstein bound. * The temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation gives a practical lower limit to the energy consumed to perform computation of approximately ln(2) ''kT'' per irreversible state change, where ''k'' is the Boltzmann constant and ''T'' is the temperature of the background (about 3 kelvins). While a device could be cooled to operate below this temperature, the energy expended by the cooling would offset the benefit of the lower operating temperature. * Bremermann's limit is the maximum computational speed of a self-contained system in the material universe, and is based on mass-energy versus quantum uncertainty constraints. * Margolus–Levitin theorem sets a bound on the maximum computational speed per unit of energy: 6 × 1033 operations per second per joule. * Landauer's principle is a physical principle pertaining to the lower theoretical limit of energy consumption of a computation. *Schlock's law is a concept developed after the Rangel curve bound of level computation which governs the levels of "k" in an open system of any calculation where the Boltzmann constant must be applied to determine maximum computational speed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Limits to computation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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